---
title: "Artificial Neural Network correlation"
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
output: rmarkdown::html_vignette
bibliography: bibliography.bib
link-citations: yes
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{ANN}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r setup, include=F, error=T, message=F, warning=F}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo=T, comment=NA, error=T, warning=F, message = F, fig.align = 'center', results="hold")
```


## How do we find the limits of accuracy in the `ANN10` correlation
[@Kamyab2010]

## Get `z` at selected `Ppr` and `Tpr`
Use the the correlation to calculate `z` and from Standing-Katz chart obtain `z` a digitized point at the given `Tpr` and `Ppr`.

```{r}
# get a z value
library(zFactor)
ppr <- 1.5
tpr <- 2.0

z.calc <- z.Ann10(pres.pr = ppr, temp.pr = tpr)
# get a z value from the SK chart at the same Ppr and Tpr
z.chart <- getStandingKatzMatrix(tpr_vector = tpr, 
                      pprRange = "lp")[1, as.character(ppr)]

# calculate the APE
ape <- abs((z.calc - z.chart) / z.chart) * 100
df <- as.data.frame(list(Ppr = ppr,  z.calc =z.calc, z.chart = z.chart, ape=ape))
rownames(df) <- tpr
df
# HY = 0.9580002; # DAK = 0.9551087
```


## Get `z` at selected `Ppr` and `Tpr=1.1`
From the Standing-Katz chart we read `z` at a digitized point:

```{r}
library(zFactor)
ppr <- 1.5
tpr <- 1.1

z.calc <- z.Ann10(pres.pr = ppr, temp.pr = tpr)

# From the Standing-Katz chart we obtain a digitized point:
z.chart <- getStandingKatzMatrix(tpr_vector = tpr, 
                      pprRange = "lp")[1, as.character(ppr)]

# calculate the APE (Average Percentage Error)
ape <- abs((z.calc - z.chart) / z.chart) * 100
df <- as.data.frame(list(Ppr = ppr,  z.calc =z.calc, z.chart = z.chart, ape=ape))
rownames(df) <- tpr
df
```

> At lower `Tpr` there is some small error. We see a difference between the values of z from the ANN10 calculation and the value read from the Standing-Katz chart.


## Get values of `z` for combinations of `Ppr` and `Tpr`
In this example we provide vectors instead of a single point.
With the same `ppr` and `tpr` vectors that we use for the correlation, we do the same for the `Standing-Katz` chart. We want to compare both and find the `absolute percentage error` or `APE`.

```{r}
# test with 1st-derivative using the values from paper 
ppr <- c(0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5) 
tpr <- c(1.05, 1.1, 1.7, 2) 

# calculate using the correlation
z.calc <- z.Ann10(ppr, tpr)

# With the same ppr and tpr vector, we do the same for the Standing-Katz chart
z.chart <- getStandingKatzMatrix(ppr_vector = ppr, tpr_vector = tpr)
ape <- abs((z.calc - z.chart) / z.chart) * 100

# calculate the APE
cat("z.correlation \n"); print(z.calc)
cat("\n z.chart \n"); print(z.chart)
cat("\n APE \n"); print(ape)
```



## Analyze the error at the `isotherms`
Applying the function `summary` over the transpose of the matrix:

```{r}
sum_t_ape <- summary(t(ape))
sum_t_ape
```


## Analyze the error for greater values of `Tpr`

```{r}
library(zFactor)
# enter vectors for Tpr and Ppr
tpr2 <- c(1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0) 
ppr2 <- c(0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5) 

# get z values from the SK chart
z.chart <- getStandingKatzMatrix(ppr_vector = ppr2, tpr_vector = tpr2, pprRange = "lp")

# We do the same with the HY correlation:
# calculate z values at lower values of Tpr
z.calc <- z.Ann10(pres.pr = ppr2, temp.pr = tpr2) 
ape <- abs((z.calc - z.chart) / z.chart) * 100

# calculate the APE
cat("z.correlation \n"); print(z.calc)
cat("\n z.chart \n"); print(z.chart)
cat("\n APE \n"); print(ape)
```



## Analyze the error at the `isotherms`
Applying the function `summary` over the transpose of the matrix to observe the error of the correlation at each isotherm.

```{r}
sum_t_ape <- summary(t(ape))
sum_t_ape
 # Hall-Yarborough
 #      1.2               1.3              1.5               2         
 # Min.   :0.05224   Min.   :0.1105   Min.   :0.1021   Min.   :0.0809  
 # 1st Qu.:0.09039   1st Qu.:0.2080   1st Qu.:0.1623   1st Qu.:0.1814  
 # Median :0.28057   Median :0.3181   Median :0.1892   Median :0.1975  
 # Mean   :0.30122   Mean   :0.3899   Mean   :0.2597   Mean   :0.2284  
 # 3rd Qu.:0.51710   3rd Qu.:0.5355   3rd Qu.:0.3533   3rd Qu.:0.2627  
 # Max.   :0.57098   Max.   :0.8131   Max.   :0.5162   Max.   :0.4338  
 #       3          
 # Min.   :0.09128  
 # 1st Qu.:0.17466  
 # Median :0.35252  
 # Mean   :0.34820  
 # 3rd Qu.:0.52184  
 # Max.   :0.59923  
```



## Prepare to plot SK vs N10 correlation

```{r}
library(zFactor)
library(tibble)
library(ggplot2)

tpr2 <- c(1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3) 
ppr2 <- c(0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5) 

sk_dak_2 <- createTidyFromMatrix(ppr2, tpr2, correlation = "N10")
as_tible(sk_dak_2)

p <- ggplot(sk_dak_2, aes(x=Ppr, y=z.calc, group=Tpr, color=Tpr)) +
    geom_line() +
    geom_point() +
    geom_errorbar(aes(ymin=z.calc-dif, ymax=z.calc+dif), width=.4,
                  position=position_dodge(0.05))
print(p)
```



## Analysis at the lowest `Tpr`
This is the isotherm where we usually see the greatest error.

```{r}
library(zFactor)

sk_dak_3 <- sk_dak_2[sk_dak_2$Tpr==1.05,]
sk_dak_3

p <- ggplot(sk_dak_3, aes(x=Ppr, y=z.calc, group=Tpr, color=Tpr)) +
    geom_line() +
    geom_point() +
    geom_errorbar(aes(ymin=z.calc-dif, ymax=z.calc+dif), width=.2,
                  position=position_dodge(0.05))
print(p)
```


## Analyzing performance of the `N10` correlation for all the `Tpr` curves
In this last example, we compare the values of `z` at all the isotherms.
We use the function `getStandingKatzTpr` to obtain all the isotherms or `Tpr` curves in the Standing-Katz chart that have been digitized. The next function `createTidyFromMatrix` calculates `z` using the correlation and prepares a tidy dataset ready to plot.

```{r}
library(ggplot2)
library(tibble)

# get all `lp` Tpr curves
tpr_all <- getStandingKatzTpr(pprRange = "lp")
ppr <- c(0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5) 
sk_corr_all <- createTidyFromMatrix(ppr, tpr_all, correlation = "N10")
as_tible(sk_corr_all)

p <- ggplot(sk_corr_all, aes(x=Ppr, y=z.calc, group=Tpr, color=Tpr)) +
    geom_line() +
    geom_point() +
    geom_errorbar(aes(ymin=z.calc-dif, ymax=z.calc+dif), width=.4,
                  position=position_dodge(0.05))
print(p)
```



## Range of applicability of the correlation

```{r}
# MSE: Mean Squared Error
# RMSE: Root Mean Squared Error
# RSS: residual sum of square
# ARE:  Average Relative Error, %
# AARE: Average Absolute Relative Error, %
library(dplyr)
grouped <- group_by(sk_corr_all, Tpr, Ppr)

smry_tpr_ppr <- summarise(grouped, 
          RMSE= sqrt(mean((z.chart-z.calc)^2)), 
          MPE = sum((z.calc - z.chart) / z.chart) * 100 / n(),
          MAPE = sum(abs((z.calc - z.chart) / z.chart)) * 100 / n(), 
          MSE = sum((z.calc - z.chart)^2) / n(), 
          RSS = sum((z.calc - z.chart)^2),
          MAE = sum(abs(z.calc - z.chart)) / n(),
          RMLSE = sqrt(1/n()*sum((log(z.calc +1)-log(z.chart +1))^2))
          )

ggplot(smry_tpr_ppr, aes(Ppr, Tpr)) + 
    geom_tile(data=smry_tpr_ppr, aes(fill=MAPE), color="white") +
    scale_fill_gradient2(low="blue", high="red", mid="yellow", na.value = "pink",
                         midpoint=12.5, limit=c(0, 25), name="MAPE") + 
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle=45, vjust=1, size=11, hjust=1)) + 
    coord_equal() +
    ggtitle("Artificial Neural Network", subtitle = "N10")
```



## Plotting the `Tpr` and `Ppr` values that show more error
The `MAPE` (mean average percentage error) gradient bar indicates that the more red the square is, the more error there is.

```{r}
library(dplyr)

sk_corr_all %>%
    filter(Tpr %in% c("1.05", "1.1")) %>%
    ggplot(aes(x = z.chart, y=z.calc, group = Tpr, color = Tpr)) +
    geom_point(size = 3) +
    geom_line(aes(x = z.chart, y = z.chart), color = "black") +
    facet_grid(. ~ Tpr, scales = "free") +
    geom_errorbar(aes(ymin=z.calc-abs(dif), ymax=z.calc+abs(dif)), 
                  position=position_dodge(0.5))
```


## Looking numerically at the errors
Finally, the dataframe with the calculated errors between the `z` from the correlation and the `z` read from the chart:

```{r}
as_tibble(smry_tpr_ppr)
```

## References



